The Subsea Cables Infrastructure Keeping the World Connected

The internet may feel wireless, but most of the world’s connectivity depends on cables running deep beneath the ocean. Vodafone’s short documentary 'Making Connections: Subsea cables' takes viewers beneath the surface, exploring the complex world of subsea cables that carry almost all of the world’s data traffic.

The film highlights how this invisible infrastructure keeps everything from social media and cloud computing to financial systems and video calls running smoothly. Despite the rise of satellites, fibre-optic cables laid across the seabed remain the backbone of international communication. Vodafone operates or partners on more than 70 subsea cable systems spanning over 100 countries, connecting more than 700 million people worldwide.

At Vodafone’s cable stations in Cornwall, engineers monitor and maintain multiple systems that land on the UK’s southern coast. Each cable carries vast amounts of data at the speed of light through glass fibres thinner than a human hair. The documentary shows how these operations combine technology, precision and resilience. When a cable is damaged, locating and repairing it can be an immense challenge, involving ships that cost tens of thousands of dollars a day to operate and weeks of work at sea.

Subsea cables have a long heritage in the UK. The first transatlantic telegraph cable was laid in the 1800s, connecting Ireland and Newfoundland. The same site in Cornwall where Vodafone operates today once belonged to the Eastern Telegraph Company, later Cable & Wireless, and now forms part of Vodafone’s global network. The industry has evolved from transmitting a handful of words per minute to streaming millions of 4K videos simultaneously across continents.

The film also features partners such as Alcatel Submarine Networks and Ciena, whose technologies underpin and scale Vodafone’s subsea systems. Modern cables use optical amplifiers and repeaters to boost signals across thousands of kilometres, while intelligent monitoring systems detect issues before they disrupt service. Recent advances, such as spectrum sharing and higher-capacity modems, are extending both performance and flexibility.

The documentary pays particular attention to the 2Africa project, a monumental cable system encircling the African continent and landing in dozens of countries. Led by Vodafone and its partners, it represents one of the longest and most ambitious subsea builds ever undertaken, designed to bring affordable and reliable connectivity to hundreds of millions of people.

Maintaining such systems comes with real challenges. Natural events such as mudslides and turbidity currents, as well as human activity like fishing and anchoring, can threaten cables. Engineers describe how they bury and armour cables near shore and collaborate globally to ensure resilience and quick restoration when damage occurs. They also work with researchers to study environmental effects and improve sustainability, including using sensors embedded in cables to monitor ocean conditions and detect seismic activity.

Beyond technology, Making Connections highlights the people behind this critical infrastructure. Vodafone’s engineers, apprentices and early-career professionals are shown learning and innovating together. With a small but highly skilled global workforce, the subsea industry is investing in developing the next generation of talent to sustain and grow this essential network for decades to come.

Subsea cables may be out of sight, but their impact touches every aspect of modern life. Vodafone’s documentary is a reminder that the strength of our digital world depends on the cables stretching quietly beneath the oceans—connecting continents, economies and people around the globe.

Related Posts: 

• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: How Vodafone UK Prepares its Network for Storms and Heatwaves
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Vodafone UK Takes COWs to the Fields
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Testing Vodafone UK's Open RAN Deployment Performance
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Vodafone UK Switches-on First Live 'Self-Powering' Mobile Phone Mast
• Operator Watch Blog: Vodafone UK Bares Its Vision and European Strategy
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Vodafone Explains Mobile Phone Mast
• Operator Watch Blog: Vodafone UK Selects Commercial Open RAN Network Partners
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Vodafone UK's 5G Infrastructure
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Vodafone UK improving coverage with Phone Boxes, Mini-masts & Manhole Covers 

FDD Tri-Band Massive MIMO: Unlocking Sub-3 GHz Potential for 5G Evolution

Huawei has begun commercial deployments of its FDD Tri-Band Massive MIMO solution, focusing on sub-3 GHz spectrum across Africa and several other global markets. Countries such as Nigeria, Angola, and Côte d'Ivoire are among the first to benefit, with deployments also expected across Asia Pacific, Central Asia, and Latin America.

This new technology is being positioned to solve two key challenges for mobile operators. First, it tackles the persistent increase in 4G traffic, which continues to grow year on year. Second, it enhances the user experience for 5G services without demanding vast new spectrum allocations. Huawei claims the solution delivers significant performance improvements over the conventional 4T4R setup, including handling almost twice as much 4G traffic during peak times, tripling user-perceived speeds, and halving the use of physical resource blocks.

Underpinning these benefits are innovations like Real Wide Bandwidth and Compact Dipole technologies. These allow multiple FDD bands such as 1.8 GHz, 2.1 GHz, and 2.6 GHz to be processed using a shared filter, antenna array, and power amplifier. This not only enables efficient spectrum use but also simplifies site deployments. Huawei reports that 5G network capacity can be boosted up to sevenfold with uplink coverage extended by 8 dB, both of which are especially important as mobile AI services increase the demand for higher uplink bandwidth and wider coverage.

#Huawei's tri-band FDD Massive MIMO solution is the first of its kind, packed with cutting-edge technologies like GigaBand Beamforming and "0 Bit 0 Watt", which empowers diversified 5.5G experience while minimizing power consumption. 🚀 #MWC24 #5GAdvanced pic.twitter.com/3vD3p8qXmc

— Huawei Wireless (@HuaweiWireless) February 20, 2024

The market conditions in Africa illustrate why this approach is timely. Rapid urbanisation and a large population base have created surging demand for mobile data, leading to congestion and degraded user experience. Many sites already host conventional Massive MIMO technology, but with traffic increasing by 50 percent annually, a more efficient capacity solution is urgently needed.

The broader role of sub-3 GHz FDD spectrum in 5G development is also coming into sharper focus. While early 5G investment emphasised the upper mid-band due to its wide contiguous spectrum, the sub-3 GHz FDD bands now represent a crucial part of the coverage and capacity equation. These bands collectively offer around 100 MHz of paired spectrum and are essential for extending 5G services beyond dense urban centres into suburban and rural areas. Their propagation characteristics provide better in-building penetration and a stronger uplink experience.

Operators have traditionally used these bands to complement mid-band deployments, but case studies suggest they can form the backbone of high-performance networks when optimised correctly. In the Netherlands, for example, delays in mid-band spectrum availability led operators to rely heavily on FDD spectrum. Despite these constraints, they achieved strong data rate and latency performance by tightly integrating 4G and 5G technologies.

One persistent issue is the fragmentation of spectrum across multiple bands, which can complicate radio access network design. Physical site constraints and antenna complexity remain challenges, particularly as physical cell site growth slows. This has led to a push for site simplification through wideband and multiband radio solutions. Many equipment vendors now offer radios that can support three FDD bands within a single unit, often using a shared power amplifier and filter. This not only reduces size and weight but also lowers power consumption and speeds up deployment.

Although Massive MIMO is generally seen as more effective with TDD, Huawei believes its latest advancements in intelligent beamforming and multi-band serving cell configurations can change that narrative. By treating multiple FDD bands as a single carrier and applying advanced beamforming, spectral efficiency can be dramatically improved. According to Huawei, this combination can deliver a tenfold gain in throughput and a 10 dB improvement in coverage compared to standard 4T4R systems.

With the shift toward 5G Advanced on the horizon, operators must get the most out of their existing spectrum assets. Sub-3 GHz FDD spectrum may not be new, but with the right technology, it can provide the performance needed to meet modern data demands and support the next wave of mobile services.

Related Posts: 

• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: China Deploys 5G-A Synaesthesia in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)
• Private Networks Technology Blog: Huawei's Smart 5G Warehouse - Future of Logistics
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Huawei's RuralLink Solution Proposes to 'Connect the Unconnected'
• Free 6G Training: Huawei's Keynote at EuCNC & 6G Summit 2023 on 'On the Convergence Route for 6G'
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Huawei MetaAAU Promises Improvement in 5G Network Performance and Energy Efficiency
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Huawei Explains Antennas and Radomes
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Huawei 5G Lampsite wins awards and speed tests 

Huawei's RuralLink Solution Proposes to 'Connect the Unconnected'

It's been five years since we first wrote about Huawei's rural network solution. RuralStar was all rage back in 2018 and then the updated RuralStar 3.0 in 2020. Since then, Huawei has been working on updated architecture of RuralLink.

At MWC 2023, RuralLink won GSMA's 'Best Mobile Innovation for Emerging Markets' GLOMO Award. The press release at the RuralLink launch at the Global Mobile Broadband Forum 2022 (MBBF2022) provided some insights into the solution. The following is from the press release: 

Huawei's RuralLink solution uses unique innovative technologies to solve the difficulties associated with communications. In the areas where fiber is difficult and costly to deploy, thanks to unique microwave fronthaul capabilities, RuralLink uses microwave to replace optical fibers to extend RRUs far away, which reduces network construction costs. By co-using BBU with existing macro site, RuralLink does not require a BBU to be deployed, which helps reduce site power consumption. By allowing a site to operate with just four to five solar panels, RuralLink is also easily adaptable to the areas that lack stable mains supplies. The solution features a simplified design that enables all devices to be mounted on to a pole, and its site deployment does not require fencing or concrete construction. As such, site construction is so easy in fact that it be completed in just three days. RuralLink supports 2G to 5G services, laying the foundation for network experience upgrade.

RuralLink has already been deployed by China Unicom Inner Mongolia in rural areas. This operator has seen significant improvement in the proportion of areas with good coverage and notable increase in area traffic and average user-perceived speeds. While fulfilling the communication needs of the local people, the RuralLink site deployment also lays a solid foundation for the development of local e-commerce, tourism, and smart agriculture.

Huawei's #RuralLink are simplified sites powered by only a few #solarpanels to bring connectivity for 60M people in remote areas of 70+ countries 😲 pic.twitter.com/NBrIuYKufo

— HuaweiUK (@HuaweiUK) April 4, 2022

A recent press release highlighted that RuralLink is being used to boost rural network coverage and promote digital inclusion in Brazil.

Huawei supported Brazil’s leading telecommunications operator, to successfully complete the commercial use of the RuralLink solution. This solution utilizes a “1 RRU + 1 antenna” to form three LTE sectors, simplifying site deployment with the aim of improving wireless network coverage in rural areas and providing broader internet access.

RuralLink utilizes innovative three-sector shaping technology, requiring only one antenna and one RRU to form three sectors. Compared to traditional three-sector macro site solutions, this solution reduces 60% of devices on the tower, 50% of power consumption, and 50% of supporting devices, resulting in a 60% cost saving from end to end. Additionally, the simplified architecture enables faster TTM (time to market) and allows one person to complete site deployment and activation in one day, achieving good signal coverage within a range of 3.5 km.

The following video explains the RuralLink solution and deployment scenario:

I am looking forward to seeing an updated solution at MWC 2024.

Related Posts: 

• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Huawei RuralStar 3.0, successor of RuralStar 2.0 Lite, coming in 2020
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog - Huawei's RuralStar: Taking the fight to low cost small cell vendors
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Huawei Explains Antennas and Radomes
• The 3G4G Blog: Huawei's Power Digitalization 2025 Summit
• Free 6G Training: Huawei's Keynote at EuCNC & 6G Summit 2023 on 'On the Convergence Route for 6G'
• Free 6G Training: 6G - The Next Horizon, a White Paper by Huawei
• Free 6G Training: Huawei explains Perspectives and Challenges of 6G-NTN
• Free 6G Training: Huawei talks about Beyond 5G, 5.5G and 6G 

Free Space Optical Communications (FSOC) as an Alternative to Fiber Deployments

Project Taara, a part of Alphabet's X moonshot factory, has been working on a wireless optical technology that could deliver high-speed, high-capacity connectivity to remote areas using a network of light emitters and receivers.

The Taara team has piloted their technology in India and Africa. Taara links offer a cost-effective and quickly deployable way to bring high-speed connectivity to remote areas. Taara links help plug critical gaps to major access points, like cell towers and WiFi hotspots, and have the potential to help thousands of people access the educational, business, and communication benefits of the web.

A potential solution to this problem arose during work on Project Loon. The Loon team needed to figure out a way to create a data link between balloons that were flying over 100 km apart. The team investigated the use of wireless optical communication technology to establish high-throughput links between balloons. Like fiber, but without the cables, wireless optical communication uses light to transmit high-speed data between two points.

Free Space Optical Communications, aka FSOC links use beams of light to deliver high-speed, high-capacity connectivity over long distances — just like fiber optic cable, but without the cable. And because there’s no cable, this means there’s none of the time, cost, and hassle involved in digging trenches or stringing cable along poles. FSOC boxes can simply be placed kilometers apart on roofs or towers, with the signal beamed directly between the boxes to easily traverse common obstacles like rivers, roads and railways.

The advantage of these High-throughput links are:

• Flexible Technology: With a clear line of sight, wireless optical communication technology can transmit data at high speeds of up to 20 Gbps. A single link can cover distances up to 20 km and be used to extend fiber networks.
• Long-Range: Long range line-of-sight data transmissions at 20+ km.
• High-Speed: High-throughput supports 10-100s Gbps data rates.
• Connectivity Across Terrains: The system is effective in areas that are difficult to connect using fiber cables. These include sites located around forests, water bodies, railway tracks, or land with high real estate costs.
• Easy To Integrate: Based on open standards to work seamlessly with existing infrastructure and environments.

Looking forward to hearing more about how it's helping connect the unconnected.

Related Posts:

• Connectivity Technology Blog: An Introduction to Different Types of Backhaul
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: TIP Webinar on Open Optical & Packet Transport (OOPT)
• Connectivity Technology Blog: Tarana's Air Fibre 

Huawei RuralStar 3.0, successor of RuralStar 2.0 Lite, coming in 2020

At MWC 2019, Huawei announced RuralStar Lite, the successor or RuralStar 2.0. The press release says:

At the Mobile World Congress 2019, Huawei released an innovative rural network solution, RuralStar Lite. This solution is specialized to cost-efficiently bring voice and mobile broadband (MBB) services to rural villages with a population of 500 to 1000 people while keeping the return on investment (ROI) period within three years for operators.

Huawei released the RuralStar solution in an effort to bring mobile connections to these unconnected rural areas. This solution has reached more than 90 networks worldwide, serving to provide mobile access for hundreds of millions of people. For most of them, it's the first time in their lives they have ever enjoyed access to the mobile world thanks to this solution.

Picture source: maxwireless on Twitter

Boasting three significant innovations, RuralStar successfully addresses a number of long-standing issues of network development in rural areas where transmission is difficult to reach, infrastructure is costly to build, the power supply is unstable, and deployment requires a long time to complete. For operators, the ROI period can be within three years for a rural network that covers more than 1000 users. To expand connections to unconnected villages having a population of 500 to 1000 people, Huawei released the RuralStar Lite solution to accommodate the local service characteristics of few connections and small coverage areas.

RuralStar Lite features a power consumption of as low as 200 watts. Fitted with four solar panels, this solution greatly simplifies power supply. It allows all related equipment to be installed on poles with a height of 6 m to 9 m, without the need to install supporting rods and build fences. With these advantages added together, project costs are significantly reduced and the total cost of ownership (TCO) decreases markedly.

RuralStar Lite has so far been successfully deployed in Zambia. The deployment demonstrates that RuralStar Lite is able to extend voice and data services to 500 to 1000 users in a village covering a radius of 1 km to 2 km. In addition, the ROI period is expected to be less than three years for operators.

Interestingly, there isn't much information available on the solution even after all this time. While this is a good solution and has been promoted by operators like MTN, there isn't much information about the specifications either. Looking at the slide from MTN above, RuralStar is being deployed at Rural sites. As the requirement is to deploy GSM, UMTS and LTE, one assumption would be that the RuralStar can handle all of these. Whether this would keep the radio head as it is or not, I am not sure.

The above picture shows an example RuralStar site deployed by MTN. The deployment uses LTE backhaul so works as a relay. The small problem with this is that a Macro site from Huawei is required for this approach to work. Without a Huawei macro, this site would need another backhaul solution.

There are also other vendors looking at the same market like AMN, IP.Access, Airspan, Parallel Wireless, Mavenir, etc.also looking at providing alternative solutions for the same problem.

MTN is also looking at OpenRAN to improve it's rural coverage footprint. In a recent press release, it announced:

MTN is projecting to deploy more than 5,000 sites in rural areas across its 21 operations, bringing 2G, 3G and 4G connectivity to areas that were previously unconnected. In order to realise this goal, MTN will rely on an ecosystem of partners who will bring their expertise to build and maintain the sites, utilising a full turnkey approach.

MTN operations in Uganda and Guinea Conakry are already benefiting from this technology, as MTN has also partnered with the likes of VANU, Parallel Wireless and NuRAN Wireless to deliver the technology.

As one of the foremost members of the Telecom Infrastructure Project (TIP), MTN carries out solution testing on all hardware and software elements at its state-of-the-art head office in Johannesburg, South Africa. The TIP initiative aims to define 2G, 3G and 4G RAN solutions based on general-purpose, vendor-neutral hardware and software-defined technology.

By continuing to accelerate innovation through initiatives such as OpenRAN, MTN continues to lead the delivery of a bold new digital world, solidifying its position as a leading mobile operator in the market.

Regardless of the approach, mobile users in Africa will ultimately be the winners!

Related Posts:

• Huawei's RuralStar: Taking the fight to low cost small cell vendors
• MTN sees future in 3G
• Africa Mobile Network and MTN connecting Zambia
• Internet para todos: Telefonica and Parallel Wireless on a mission to connect 100 Million Unconnected
• AMN's Ultra-low cost sites
• Telefonica, Mayutel, Facebook & Parallel Wireless: Connecting the Unconnected in Peru (#InternetParaTodos)

Africa Mobile Network and MTN connecting Zambia

Africa Mobile Network (AMN) is working with MTN in Zambia to connect the unconnected by providing mobile services infrastructure relaying services for MTN Zambia in the most Rural parts of the country. This allows users in all corners of the country to use MTN Mobile Services. Health Service Providers and Farmers in Remote Areas now have access to good coverage enabling them to communicate more effectively and use a variety of services like Mobile Money.

Here is a nice video showing how connectivity is making difference to end users lives.


AMN builds, owns, operates and maintains mobile network infrastructure, delivering services to the Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) in Africa.  Their ‘mass production’ approach to mobile network base station build is on a volume rollout trajectory with the first 500 sites in place by 2020, increasing to 1,500 by 2021, all in collaboration with tier one Mobile Network Operators (MNO) across Africa.

Recently, IP.Access announced that they have rolled out 4G services in Zambia with AMN.

The rollout covers seven countries: Zambia - being the first to offer 4G/LTE services in addition to 3G, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Nigeria plan to commence 4G rollout in the coming months. The network design is built around the ip.access ViperTM solution, comprising nanoVirtTM 3G/4G virtualised gateways and management system together with the 3G and 4G/LTE Small Cells. The small cells are installed on a tower near the centre of a village and deliver mobile coverage to the community.  Each deployment is highly scalable and upgradable, adding capacity to meet demand as needed.

GSMA has forecasted that 3G will dominate Sub-Saharan Africa in 2025. There will still be a lot of users on 2G then. It is important to keep these people connected while the 4G/5G handsets / smartphones become more affordable for these users. There are a lot of vendors who are doing a fantastic job in providing equipment that is enabling operators to connect these low ARPU subscribers.

Related Posts:

• When will 2G & 3G be switched off now that 5G is here?
• AMN's Ultra-low cost sites
• MTN sees future in 3G
• Vodafone UK improving coverage with Phone Boxes, Mini-masts & Manhole Covers

AMN's Ultra-low cost sites

From an slightly old tweet by Erik Hersman: "AMN has started rolling out ultra-low cost small 10m towers to work in rural villages in Zambia, Cameroon and a couple other countries. Communities value them so much that they build their own fences and security."

Rural connectivity in the developing world is a big issue and this tweet just illustrates the point that when connectivity is available, people value it and make sure nobody takes it away.

In a earlier blog post on 3G4G, we saw the 10 key challenges listed by AMN for bringing connectivity to rural areas.

In a recent news, Vanu announced the expansion of its ongoing agreement with Africa Mobile Networks (AMN) to supply mobile network infrastructure in support of AMN’s mission to serve rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa. With orders exceeding 2,500 systems this year, AMN has now placed orders for more than 3,000 Vanu systems over the last two years

“AMN and Vanu both view small-cell network architectures powered by solar energy to be the best way to extend service to the unconnected. We are privileged to be a technology supplier for AMN’s networks in Africa and we see a significant opportunity for our organizations to positively affect more communities in more countries in the months ahead.”

To efficiently cover villages, Vanu uses a combination of specialized equipment, tools and services, including low TCO (total cost of ownership) cell sites, mapping tools and network planning tools (to ensure sites are built in optimal locations), as well as monitoring, optimization and support services (to ensure maintenance resources are used efficiently).

Vanu’s equipment, tools and services enable MNOs and partners, such as AMN, to provide off-grid coverage profitably. In addition, Vanu’s unique high-resolution coverage mapping tool, VanuMaps, provide MNOs, their partners and potential investors with the high-resolution coverage and population data needed to more accurately and efficiently identify the return on investment afforded by serving previously uncovered villages.

The mission of AMN is to build mobile network base stations serving rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa which have no existing service, providing existing licensed mobile network operators with a capex-free route to add new subscribers and new revenues and with incremental costs which deliver guaranteed operating profits – and with sufficient population to deliver positive operating profits and cash flows for its shareholders.

More details are not available but will be added when available.

MTN sees future in 3G

I blogged about MTN last year after their presentation at Facebook's TIP Summit. This year again, another MTN Group executive, Babak Fouladi, Technology and Information System (Group CTIO) at MTN delivered an insightful talk. I have my summary below with video embedded at the end.

MTN has 223 million subscribers. Out of that only 72 million are data users, the rest are primarily voice users. The problem with that is their monthly spend is very low.

The typical entry and emerging segment customers in rural areas spend 30% of their incomes on food and often have limited access to reliable basic services. Its very tricky to convert these users to use high amount of data or any data at all in many cases.

5 Challenges known as CHASE need to be overcome to reach the volume segment. These are:

• Coverage: Data Coverage is insufficient in rural or low income areas and costly
• Handsets: Limited affordability and access to data enabled devices
• Affordability: Data services are unaffordable in some markets
• Service Bundling: Bundling and selling of data are unnecessarily complex and not regionally relevant
• Education: Lack of digital literacy & awareness of the potential of broadband content

To overcome these challenges, a dual data strategy is needed. Newer technologies, ultra high speed & superior customer experience for high value segment. Ubiquitous low cost data coverage for volume segment.

There are many rural coverage barriers. These practical challenges hinder the rollout. The main being that there is no infrastructure in place, the roads are inaccessible, there is no power, the security is poor, etc.

To solve the challenges due to rural coverage barriers, MTN has defined three solution categories for rural:

1. Rural Site - 50 to 100 km from urban
2. Ultra Rural Site - Very low population densities locations
3. Ultra-ultra Rural Site - Very small remote villages

MTN are already doing field trials with AMN and Huawei. With Huawei, they are using the RuralStar (see earlier post here). Other vendors listed above are working with them in the labs and will be trialed for Ultra and Ultra-ultra rural sites.

Their main motivation for working with Facebook and TIP is to find affordable solutions for Ultra and Ultra-ultra rural locations. There is a large scale trial happening soon in 2 countries, 120 sites in total.

One of the challenges in African market is that the average lifespan of handset is 7 years. What this means is that many people still on 2G today will be migrating to 3G in near future. As a result, 3G will be the most dominant technology in Africa in 2025.

While most operators and vendors are focusing on 4G and 5G, there is still going to be a big market for 2G and 3G in 2025. These users cannot be ignored and the operator that serves them well will eventually be the winner.



Further Reading:

• 2G / 3G Switch Off: A Tale of Two Worlds
• Telefonica, Mayutel, Facebook & Parallel Wireless: Connecting the Unconnected in Peru (#InternetParaTodos)

Satellite Broadband for connecting Africa?

Came across this presentation by Avanti as part of iDate Digiworld Institute breakfast briefing. It again highlights the importance of satellite broadband as it can provide high speed connectivity regardless of the location.

This video on Project iMlango below shows what is being mentioned in the slides above


If interested, download the slides from techUK page here.

MTN: Connecting Rural & Remote Africa

The annual Telco Infra Project (TIP) Summit took place recently in California. As always, there are some great presentations that have all be shared online here.

The video of the presentation is embedded below but the two images above are the main points of discussion from this presentation. The first image shows the challenges and possible approaches to solve them. The second one highlights the important point that the traditional infrastructure costs are just too high to provide connectivity in rural and remote locations.

A slightly surprising point that the speaker, Navindran Naidoo, Executive, Network Planning & Design, MTN Group brought up was that they are still looking to rollout 3G networks. In an earlier post on 3G4G blog, I talked about how the developing nations will ditch 3G in favour of 2G & 4G so this is a bit of a surprise. Even the OpenCellular project is focusing on 2G & 4G as can be seen below.

Steve Song in his blog post here highlights some good points. He points out that not enough 4G devices have reached African markets, VoLTE has still not matured and also operators have 3G spectrum available today or they can re-farm 900MHz.

Anyway, here is the video from Navindran Naidoo, Executive, Network Planning & Design, MTN Group in TIP Summit 2017.

Small Cells: Best solution for rural coverage?

I drive around the UK a great deal. While I rely mostly on my phone to call and message/text, I also use it to check tweets, Facebook, emails and most important of all as a Satnav (I'm a big fan of Waze). I often end up in scenarios where I have no coverage so a wrong turn results in my Satnav route failure. This can mean I have to drive around for miles before I can get back on route.

In most countries (including UK) when an operator mentions its coverage, its means population based coverage. The problem is that one may have reasonable coverage in a big town/cities but not on small roads and villages but the operator would have still met their coverage obligation. However this will be changing, at least in UK, with the announcement by EE that they will do a 95% geographic coverage. Kudos to them!

Picture Source: Point-Topic

This map I came across recently shows the rural challenges in Europe for providing connectivity. Whilst not that detailed, I can definitely say from a UK point of view, there are many places outside big towns and cities that have coverage gaps.

Picture Source: GSMA: Digital inclusion in Latin America and the Caribbean - Feb 2016

Picture Source: GSMA: Consumer barriers to mobile internet adoption in Africa - July 2016

As can be seen above, a similar problem is present in Africa and Carribean and Latin America (CALA). In these regions, in addition to the coverage gap, affordability and lack of relevant content are also major issues.

To put it simply in most countries, there is that last 10% of the population for whom coverage is not deemed feasible for the operator.  The problem is that the investment would generally outweigh the revenues. The installation (site, backhaul, etc.) and the maintenance cost would almost always outweigh the profits.

This is one of the challenges that Parallel Wireless* is trying to solve.

What if you can make the deployment very simple and reduce the installation cost and have minimal maintenance cost?

The operator would be far more willing to give it a try. There was an announcement between Parallel Wireless and Telefonica I+D for exactly this reason recently. The small communities wherein these small cells are deployed also have a vital role to play. Not only could they help by making sites available, they can have directly report any issues that would arise. An example of this can be seen in the picture above, demonstrating a small cell deployment in a community center.

An important thing to bear in mind is the support for different types of backhaul for small cells. While cellular/LTE backhaul can allow quick deployment, additional type of backhaul can become available much quicker than anticipated. The small cell deployment should be flexible enough to be able to handle this new change.

A real life example of the above statement can be seen in the picture from a recent site survey.

Finally, I would like to embed this video that explains the Parallel Wireless Rural Solution very well.


Please feel free to add your suggestions in the comments below.

*Full Disclosure: I work for Parallel Wireless as a Solutions Architect. This blog is maintained in my personal capacity and expresses my own views, not the views of my employer or anyone else. Anyone who knows me well would know this.