Inside a Cellular Base Station Antenna

Most people will have seen the familiar white rectangular antenna panels mounted on telecom towers, rooftops and other structures. They are a visible part of the mobile network, but what is actually inside one of these panels is rarely seen.

In a recent Wireless Future video, Prof. Emil Björnson carries out a teardown of a cellular base station antenna that was discovered in a box when his research division moved offices. The antenna operates in the 3.5 GHz band, which is widely associated with 5G deployments, but it is important to understand that this is not specifically a ‘5G antenna’.

It is a passive sector antenna. It can be used with either 4G or 5G, depending on the radio signal connected to it.

The antenna is designed to cover a 60-degree sector and would be installed vertically using mounting points at the top and bottom. A conventional macro site may use multiple sector antennas pointing in different directions to provide coverage around the site.

At the bottom of the antenna is a radio frequency connector through which the transmitted and received signals pass. The antenna does not create or process the radio signal itself. The signal is generated by an external radio unit and carried to the antenna through a feeder cable.

There is also a small drain hole at the bottom of the enclosure. Although antenna panels are designed to operate outdoors, condensation or small amounts of water may still enter the enclosure. The drain allows this moisture to escape rather than accumulating inside.

After removing the enclosure, the internal antenna structure becomes visible. The antenna contains eight radiating elements arranged vertically. Each of these elements is a dipole antenna.

The radio signal enters through the connector and is distributed through a feed network to all eight elements. The elements transmit the same signal coherently. Their individual radio waves combine through constructive interference to produce a stronger and more directional radiation pattern.

The physical dimensions of the antenna are closely related to the wavelength of the radio signal. At around 3.5 GHz, one wavelength is approximately 8.5 centimetres. Each dipole is therefore around half a wavelength long, or approximately four centimetres.

Behind the dipoles is a metal reflector positioned approximately a quarter of a wavelength away, which is around two centimetres at this frequency. The reflector reduces radiation behind the antenna and helps direct more of the energy forwards.

Metal structures along the sides of the antenna further shape the horizontal radiation pattern, limiting the main coverage area to approximately 60 degrees. Instead of transmitting energy equally in every direction, the antenna concentrates it towards the geographical area that the sector is intended to serve.

The eight dipole elements are separated vertically by approximately eight centimetres, which is roughly one wavelength. Arranging the elements in a vertical column produces a narrow beam in the vertical, or elevation, plane.

This is useful because a base station normally needs to transmit signals across the surrounding area rather than towards the sky or directly into the ground. The horizontal beam provides coverage across the 60-degree sector, while the narrow vertical beam concentrates the radio energy towards users within the intended coverage area.

According to the antenna specifications shown in the video, it has a gain of 17.5 dBi. This corresponds to a peak power density roughly 56 times greater than that of an ideal isotropic antenna transmitting the same total power.

The antenna is not amplifying or creating additional power. Antenna gain is achieved by concentrating the available radio energy in particular directions while reducing the energy transmitted in others. This improves coverage and signal strength within the sector.

The maximum input power shown in the specifications is 150 watts. The data sheet also includes horizontal and vertical radiation patterns, mounting instructions and information about wind loading. These mechanical considerations are important because antennas must remain safely mounted and correctly aligned while exposed to wind, rain and changing temperatures.

The antenna was manufactured by the Italian company Sira Sistemi Radio. Its relatively simple internal construction demonstrates how passive base station antennas have traditionally worked. One radio signal is distributed across several antenna elements to create a fixed directional radiation pattern.

The same antenna could carry a 4G or 5G signal because the antenna itself does not understand the mobile technology being used. Provided that the radio frequency falls within its supported operating range, it simply converts electrical RF signals into electromagnetic waves and performs the reverse process when receiving signals.

This is different from many modern 5G Massive MIMO antenna systems.

In the passive antenna shown in the video, the eight radiating elements collectively behave as one large directional antenna. They receive the same input signal and produce a largely fixed beam.

An active Massive MIMO antenna has many individually controlled antenna elements or subarrays, together with multiple radio frequency chains. By adjusting the phase and amplitude of the signals supplied to different elements, the system can electronically form and steer beams, serve several users simultaneously and adapt the radiation pattern as network conditions change.

Modern active antenna units may also integrate the radio electronics into the antenna enclosure. This reduces feeder losses and allows closer coordination between the radio and antenna functions, although it also makes the equipment more complex than the passive panel examined in the teardown.

The video provides a useful reminder that an antenna is not simply an empty white box. Its dimensions, element spacing, reflector, feed network and surrounding metal structures all contribute to how radio energy is transmitted into the coverage area.

It also illustrates the progression of cellular infrastructure. Traditional passive sector antennas use carefully designed physical structures to create a fixed coverage pattern. Modern active antenna systems build on the same electromagnetic principles but add multiple radios, digital signal processing and dynamic beamforming.

The complete teardown and explanation from Prof. Emil Björnson can be viewed in the video below.

Related Posts: 

• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: MatSing Brings Lens Antenna Innovation to High-Density Wi-Fi Networks
• The 3G4G Blog: Is 6G Our Last Chance to Make Antennas Great Again?
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: NGMN’s Common Language for Antennas Lays the Foundation for Future-Proof Infrastructure
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Ericsson's Massive MIMO Handbook(s)
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Huawei Explains Antennas and Radomes
• The 3G4G Blog: Base Station Antenna Considerations for 5G 

Huawei’s PanoAAU Aims to Change the Economics of 5G Coverage

As 5G networks continue to expand beyond dense urban centres, the industry has been forced to confront a difficult reality. Traditional deployment models, built around three-sector sites and relatively narrow beam coverage, do not translate well into rural and semi-rural environments. Lower population density, larger coverage areas and tighter budgets mean that operators need to extract far more value from each site.

Huawei’s PanoAAU is one attempt to address this challenge. While it has been in the market for some time, publicly available technical detail remains limited. However, by piecing together information from different announcements and deployments, a clearer picture begins to emerge of what the solution is trying to achieve and why it matters.

At its core, PanoAAU is an evolution of the active antenna unit, designed to extend coverage both horizontally and vertically. The most notable shift is the move from the conventional 120 degree sector to a 180 degree wide-angle coverage. This is enabled through extremely large antenna array technology combined with beamforming and what Huawei describes as a wide-angle beam management approach. The practical implication is that a traditional three-sector site could, in some scenarios, be replaced with a two-sector configuration while still maintaining, or even improving, coverage.

This change is not just about radio performance. It has direct implications for site economics. Reducing the number of sectors means fewer radio units, less equipment on the tower, lower power consumption and potentially reduced site rental costs. In rural deployments, where return on investment is often marginal, these savings can be significant enough to make previously unviable sites commercially feasible.

The antenna design itself appears to rely on a combination of lightweight materials, low-loss feeding structures and metamaterial-based elements. These are intended to address the physical challenges that come with larger antenna arrays, particularly weight and signal loss. The use of such materials is consistent with a broader trend in radio design, where advanced materials are being used to push beyond traditional performance limits without making deployments impractical.

Software plays an equally important role. Wide-angle coverage introduces complexity in beam management, especially when trying to maintain capacity and user experience across a broader footprint. The solution therefore depends heavily on more precise and responsive beamforming algorithms to ensure that users are still served efficiently, even as the coverage area expands. This is particularly relevant for uplink performance, which is becoming increasingly important as networks evolve towards AI-driven applications and more interactive services.

PanoAAU also sits within a wider portfolio of radio solutions that Huawei has been promoting in the context of 5G-Advanced and what it refers to as 5.5G. Alongside products such as MetaAAU and EasyAAU, it reflects a move towards more specialised radio units tailored for different deployment scenarios. In this context, PanoAAU is positioned as a coverage-focused solution, particularly suited to suburban, rural and geographically complex environments.

MTN Zambia has partnered with #Huawei to deploy the dual-band AAU, which is a key member of Huawei's Pano Radio series. It supports flexible multi-frequency tilt adjustment and enables co-deployment of 4G and 5G networks.
For more details, please refer to: https://t.co/9mN7OiVuwV pic.twitter.com/OPWI0HFZOF

— Huawei Wireless (@HuaweiWireless) November 6, 2025

Early deployments outside China provide some useful context. In Zambia, for example, MTN has worked with Huawei on dual-band active antenna solutions that are part of the same broader radio evolution. These deployments highlight a similar set of challenges, including limited tower space, the need to support both 4G and 5G, and the pressure to reduce both capital and operational expenditure. Solutions that integrate multiple bands and simplify installation are particularly attractive in such markets, where infrastructure constraints are often more pronounced.

There are also indications that the concept extends beyond traditional ground-level coverage. The emphasis on vertical reach suggests potential applications in high-rise urban environments and, increasingly, in low-altitude connectivity scenarios. This is where the discussion begins to overlap with one of the more interesting developments in 5G-Advanced, namely the integration of sensing capabilities into the network.

Recent trials in China have demonstrated how 5G-Advanced base stations can go beyond communication to provide radar-like sensing. Using integrated sensing techniques, networks are able to detect, track and monitor low-altitude objects such as drones in real time. Tests have shown that even very small objects can be identified with high accuracy, with the network able to determine position, speed and trajectory without relying on external systems such as GPS. This creates the possibility of electronic fencing, intrusion detection and broader airspace monitoring using the existing mobile infrastructure.

While this capability is not specific to PanoAAU, the underlying requirement is clear. Wider and more flexible coverage, including improved vertical reach, becomes increasingly important when networks are expected to support both communication and sensing functions. In that sense, technologies like PanoAAU can be seen as part of the enabling layer for these emerging use cases, particularly in scenarios where coverage continuity is critical.

Deployments in markets such as China and trials in other regions suggest that the solution is not purely theoretical. Operators have reportedly used it to reduce the number of required sites or sectors while maintaining service levels. In some cases, it has also been associated with lower energy consumption, aligning with the broader industry push towards greener network infrastructure.

The link to energy efficiency is particularly important. By integrating multiple capabilities into fewer units and enabling both 4G and 5G operation within the same hardware, solutions like PanoAAU can reduce overall network power consumption. This is increasingly becoming a key metric for operators, not just from a sustainability perspective but also in terms of operational expenditure.

It is also worth noting that PanoAAU is part of a broader shift in how radio access networks are being designed. The traditional approach of uniform site design is giving way to a more modular and scenario-driven strategy. Different environments require different solutions, and vendors are responding with increasingly diverse portfolios of radio units. In that sense, PanoAAU is less about a single product and more about a design philosophy focused on flexibility and efficiency.

That said, there are still open questions. Much of the available information comes from vendor-led announcements, with limited independent performance data. The real-world gains in coverage, capacity and cost savings will depend heavily on deployment conditions, spectrum availability and integration with existing networks. As with many new radio innovations, the benefits are likely to vary significantly from one market to another.

Even so, the underlying idea is difficult to ignore. If operators can meaningfully reduce the number of sectors or sites required for wide-area coverage without compromising user experience, it could have a lasting impact on how 5G networks are rolled out, particularly in underserved regions.

In that context, PanoAAU represents an interesting step in the ongoing evolution of radio access technology. It highlights the industry’s efforts to balance performance, cost and sustainability, while also preparing the network for emerging use cases that extend beyond traditional mobile broadband.

Related Posts: 

• Connectivity Technology Blog: China’s Low-Altitude Economy Takes Off with Advanced Connectivity
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog - FDD Tri-Band Massive MIMO: Unlocking Sub-3 GHz Potential for 5G Evolution
• Connectivity Technology Blog: Building the Low Altitude Economy (LAE) with 5G Advanced and 6G
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: China Deploys 5G-A Synaesthesia in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)
• Private Networks Technology Blog: Huawei's Smart 5G Warehouse - Future of Logistics
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Huawei's RuralLink Solution Proposes to 'Connect the Unconnected'
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Huawei MetaAAU Promises Improvement in 5G Network Performance and Energy Efficiency
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Huawei Explains Antennas and Radomes
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Huawei's 5G Book RRUs Start Delivering On Their Promises 

Nokia and Citymesh Bring Drones-in-a-Box to Life Across Belgium

Belgium is emerging as a true pioneer in aviation, public safety and telecom convergence, thanks to the nationwide Drones-in-a-Box network delivered through the partnership between Nokia and Citymesh. What began as small-scale trials in ports and industrial zones has now grown into one of the most ambitious drone grid deployments in the world. It blends 5G connectivity, automated drone operations and remote command capabilities to support emergency response and critical infrastructure monitoring.

Citymesh, now well established as Belgium’s newest mobile operator and a European leader in private networks, has been championing the idea of safety drones for several years. The company has already proved the concept in locations such as Brussels Airport, the Port of Antwerp Bruges, Kortrijk and Genk. These pilots demonstrated how much time is lost in the first moments of an incident when responders are unsure of what they will face. A drone that can be airborne in seconds and provide live video, thermal analysis and AI-assisted insights significantly improves situational awareness.

Nokia’s Drone Networks platform is central to the national rollout. The agreement covers 70 Drone in a Box units which are positioned across 35 emergency zones. When integrated with Nokia’s 4G and 5G connectivity, the drones can be remotely launched from one of Citymesh’s Remote Operations Centres. These centres operate around the clock and ensure that flights remain compliant with aviation rules while delivering reliable coverage during both planned and unplanned missions.

The platform is engineered for demanding environments. Each drone carries high definition and thermal cameras capable of identifying smoke, fire boundaries and people. Twin 4G and 5G modems maintain real time links, and the Nokia MX Industrial Edge keeps sensitive data processed and stored locally. A presentation by Citymesh at Portcomms 2025 highlights additional elements such as certified parachutes, environmental control in each docking station and a robust API framework that allows further integration with port systems, security platforms or smart city tools.

Operationally, the SENSE network is already proving its value. In the first years of service the drones have supported more than a thousand beyond visual line of sight flights and hundreds of flight hours. The system has been validated across busy urban environments, coastal zones and industrial complexes. With three Remote Operations Centres and certified pilots, Citymesh has created a repeatable operational model that blends telecom expertise with aviation-grade processes.

The impact goes beyond emergency response. Ports and industrial plants are using drones for inspections, environmental monitoring, perimeter detection and asset management. The presentation shared at PortComms 2025 outlines how ports benefit from fast inspection of quays, cranes, buoys and fumigation zones, as well as pollution detection and situational awareness for safety teams. Similar gains are emerging across utilities, transport operators, municipalities and even defence, where civil and security use cases can share the same network.

The legislative environment in Belgium currently restricts nationwide beyond visual line of sight operations to emergency services, but future expansion into commercial use cases is expected. As demand grows for automated inspections, border surveillance and environmental assessment, the Drone-in-a-Box network provides a ready-made foundation for new services.

For Nokia, the project reinforces its role in mission critical communication systems and industrial digitalisation. For Citymesh, it marks the evolution from smart city experimentation to a smart country approach where aerial intelligence becomes a first line tool for public services.

Belgium’s nationwide drone network is an example of how telecom infrastructure continues to evolve. Private 5G, edge computing and automated platforms are increasingly central to public safety and industrial operations. The Nokia and Citymesh partnership shows what is possible when connectivity, aviation technology and real operational requirements come together with a clear purpose. 

Vodafone’s 5G Advertising Pillars Bring Connectivity to Urban Streets

Vodafone Germany is giving a new lease of life to an old part of the cityscape. The familiar advertising pillars found across German cities are being transformed into 5G mobile base stations, delivering high-speed connectivity in areas where traditional masts are difficult to install.

In Düsseldorf, more than 100 such columns are already operational, providing 5G coverage across the city. Each pillar houses three compact antennas and all the equipment normally found on large masts, integrated neatly within the structure’s roof and concrete body. The design, developed in partnership with Ilg Outdoor Advertising, allows each pillar to cover an area of about 400 metres. The system is connected via fibre optics, ensuring low latency and data speeds of up to 1 Gbps.

This approach offers a practical solution to one of the biggest challenges of urban network expansion: finding new sites for antennas. Rooftop locations are often limited and subject to complex planning processes. By reusing existing structures, Vodafone has found a way to speed up deployment while blending infrastructure discreetly into the urban environment. The entire installation process for a 5G pillar takes less than half the time required for a conventional mobile base station.

The benefits of the project are already clear. In Düsseldorf, each 5G advertising pillar supports around 6,000 connections per day and handles roughly 200 gigabytes of data every week. The network, built with Ericsson’s equipment and operating on Vodafone’s standalone 5G+ technology, offers minimal latency and improved reliability. These compact sites helped strengthen coverage ahead of the European Football Championship, ensuring stable service in and around the stadium, fan zones and transport hubs.

Following the success in Düsseldorf, Vodafone is now extending the concept to other cities. Stuttgart recently became the first city in Baden-Württemberg to host a 5G advertising pillar, with five more due to follow by the end of the year. In total, up to 100 of Stuttgart’s 600 advertising columns could eventually be upgraded to 5G, enhancing coverage across busy streets, squares and landmarks such as the Mercedes-Benz Museum and the MHP Arena.

Each Stuttgart pillar uses Ericsson’s antenna technology and can deliver download speeds of up to 500 Mbps. The initiative is supported by local authorities who view it as a sustainable and space-efficient way to boost digital infrastructure. The combination of heritage and high technology brings a modern function to an iconic feature of German cities that dates back to the 19th century.

Vodafone’s 5G advertising pillars represent a clever mix of innovation, design and practicality. By making use of existing street furniture, the company is not only accelerating the rollout of next-generation connectivity but also showing how urban infrastructure can evolve to meet the digital needs of modern life.

Related Posts: 

• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Conical Antennas Boost Vodafone Germany’s Tunnel Coverage
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Vodafone's 5G+ Street Lights in Cologne, Germany
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Vodafone UK Switches-on First Live 'Self-Powering' Mobile Phone Mast
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Vodafone Explains Mobile Phone Mast
• Connectivity Technology Blog: Seamless 5G Connectivity Across Germany on Deutsche Bahn
• Operator Watch Blog: Vodafone Deutschland (Germany) Continues 5G Use Cases Innovation 

ZTE’s Magic Pole Brings Smart Infrastructure to Kazakhstan

Beeline Kazakhstan and ZTE have taken another step in transforming the country’s connectivity landscape through the launch of the Giga City 2.0 initiative. The collaboration builds on the earlier Giga City project from 2024 and aims to create a new generation of smart, green, and AI-enabled telecom infrastructure across Kazakhstan.

At the heart of this initiative is the introduction of ZTE’s Magic Pole, installed in the centre of Astana. It marks the first deployment of this smart infrastructure solution in Kazakhstan. Designed as a multifunctional unit, the Magic Pole integrates a mobile base station with street lighting, offering both enhanced network coverage and a platform for future smart city applications. Its compact and modern design allows it to blend into the urban environment while improving connectivity in dense city areas.

The Magic Pole reflects the growing trend of infrastructure convergence, where telecom functions are seamlessly embedded into existing urban structures. Instead of constructing traditional tower sites, operators can deploy these smart poles to provide 4G and 5G coverage while supporting IoT sensors, environmental monitoring, or even public Wi-Fi in the future. It’s an example of how telecommunications infrastructure can evolve to serve broader urban development goals.

Beyond city centres, Beeline and ZTE are also testing hybrid-powered sites along the Astana-Borovoe national highway. These autonomous towers operate completely off-grid using a combination of solar and wind power. The hybrid design provides reliable signal coverage even in areas without access to electricity, significantly reducing environmental impact and operational costs. This approach highlights how renewable energy and telecom infrastructure can work hand in hand to extend digital connectivity into remote regions.

The Giga City 2.0 programme also includes demonstrations of ZTE’s Qcell solution for improving indoor coverage. A pilot installation at the Mega Silk Way shopping mall showcased how the system eliminates indoor coverage gaps and delivers consistent high-speed connectivity for users in busy commercial spaces.

ZTE and Beeline’s efforts align with Kazakhstan’s national vision for digital transformation, which emphasises sustainability, resilience, and inclusivity. From the Magic Pole in Astana to the off-grid sites along major highways, these projects showcase a model for how infrastructure modernisation can be both technologically advanced and environmentally conscious.

With initiatives like Giga City 2.0, Kazakhstan continues to position itself as a regional leader in smart and sustainable connectivity. For ZTE, the Magic Pole represents more than just a new product—it’s a glimpse into the future of how cities and operators can collaborate to build integrated, intelligent, and green digital ecosystems.

Related Posts: 

• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: ZTE Shows-off New 5G Products and Solutions at MWC 2022
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: ZTE explains 5G CDN in a new White Paper
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: ZTE's PAD and iMacro gets 5G Upgrade
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: QCell - ZTE’s 5G Solution for Gigabit Indoor User Experience
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: ZTE's 4G / 5G Street Lights 

Transforming Stadium Connectivity with SOLiD’s GENESIS DAS at Dortmund’s Signal Iduna Park

SOLiD is a global leader in innovative RF Amplifier, RF Radio and Optical Transport solutions that support some of the world’s most demanding wireless environments. The company’s Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) power reliable cellular coverage and capacity in hospitals, sports and entertainment venues, airports, metro systems, government and corporate buildings, and other high-profile locations. From early 2G systems to 5G-ready and cloud-based solutions, SOLiD has a track record of delivering robust, scalable infrastructure that meets the growing demands of mobile users while reducing complexity, risk and energy consumption.

Signal Iduna Park in Dortmund, home of Borussia Dortmund and the iconic Yellow Wall of supporters, has become the first stadium in the world to feature a fully operational Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) solution. In partnership with 1&1 and Rakuten, SOLiD has delivered a state-of-the-art Distributed Antenna System (DAS) that combines cutting-edge 4G and 5G capabilities with the benefits of open standards and advanced radio technology.

With a capacity of more than 81,000, the stadium is the largest in Germany and one of the most famous in European football. It is celebrated for its atmosphere, high attendance figures and the vast standing terrace on the south bank that can hold more than 24,000 fans. The venue has hosted matches during the 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cups, the 2001 UEFA Cup Final, and was part of the 2024 European Championships. A stadium of such scale and reputation demands a mobile connectivity solution capable of delivering a seamless experience to tens of thousands of users simultaneously.

Large sports venues present unique challenges for mobile coverage. The system must deliver consistent connectivity across vast seating areas, indoor hospitality and operational zones, and high-traffic access points, all while managing peak usage during major events. The solution at Signal Iduna Park meets these demands through 30 network sectors in the stands, four more in indoor areas, and two covering the north and west entrances and parking zones.

The deployment includes 48 radio units and 128 antennas in the stands, complemented by 60 radio units and 21 antennas indoors. More than 10 kilometres of fibre optic cable and 30 kilometres of additional cabling underpin the network’s performance. This infrastructure ensures that not only 1&1 customers, but also those on other German mobile networks, benefit from the improved coverage and capacity.

At the heart of the project is SOLiD’s GENESIS DAS, a fully digital system that supports simultaneous transmission from all major mobile operators. More than 150 slimline, low power radio units are strategically placed throughout the stadium to deliver robust 4G and 5G coverage. By integrating O-RAN technology, the system enables hardware and software from different vendors to work seamlessly together while reducing power consumption and minimising physical space requirements.

This landmark project, completed ahead of the stadium’s 50th anniversary in 2024, is an example of how next-generation network solutions can transform the fan experience. For SOLiD, it is further proof of their role in advancing wireless densification in high-profile venues around the world. By bringing together O-RAN, mMIMO and advanced DAS capabilities, the Signal Iduna Park installation sets a benchmark for stadium connectivity and points towards the future of mobile infrastructure in large-scale sporting and entertainment environments.

Related Posts: 

• Connectivity Technology Blog: Understanding Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) for Seamless Indoor Connectivity 

NGMN’s Common Language for Antennas Lays the Foundation for Future-Proof Infrastructure

Base station antennas are critical components of mobile networks, serving as the final link between radio systems and the air interface. Despite their importance, there has long been a lack of consistency in how antenna systems are specified, validated and integrated into networks. This inconsistency has led to inefficiencies in procurement, difficulties in multi-vendor environments, and challenges in scaling network performance. The latest publication from the NGMN Alliance, “Recommendations for Base Station Antennas”, aims to change this by introducing a harmonised framework for describing passive, active and hybrid antenna systems.

The updated document combines the previously separate guidance on passive and active antenna systems into a single, unified publication. Developed under the BASTA (Base Station Antenna) project, it defines a comprehensive set of electrical, mechanical and environmental parameters relevant to base station antennas. These include radiation characteristics such as gain, beamwidth, front-to-back ratio and sidelobe suppression, as well as practical aspects like dimensions, weight, connector type, wind load and ingress protection. For active antennas, it also defines parameters for beamforming capability, scanning range, traffic beam configuration and power control.

One of the key motivations behind the updated recommendations is the growing use of hybrid antenna systems. These combine passive elements, such as the antenna array and remote electrical tilt, with integrated active components like transceivers and digital beamforming units. Hybrid configurations are especially relevant in 5G networks, which rely on advanced techniques like massive MIMO and dynamic beam steering to deliver high capacity and spectral efficiency. However, deploying such systems at scale, particularly in disaggregated or Open RAN architectures, requires a standardised way to describe and compare antenna products from different vendors.

The NGMN publication addresses this need by introducing a structured methodology for presenting antenna parameters, including definitions, recommended test practices and digital exchange formats. Notably, it supports XML-based datasheets aligned with an agreed schema, enabling machine-readable processing of antenna data. This is particularly useful for operators seeking to automate parts of the network planning and procurement lifecycle, including performance comparison, site design and integration testing.

The framework also incorporates coordinate system conventions, including multiple spherical and Cartesian reference models, to provide flexibility in how antenna orientation and beam direction are described. This is essential for accurate modelling of antenna coverage and interference in radio planning tools. The document additionally covers Remote Electrical Tilt (RET) systems, including configuration management, software upgradeability and compliance with AISG protocols.

Importantly, the NGMN recommendations are designed to be implementation-agnostic. Rather than enforcing performance thresholds or mandating design practices, the focus is on standardising the language used to describe antenna characteristics. This approach ensures that innovative antenna designs, including those supporting new form factors or frequency bands, can still be accommodated as long as they conform to the descriptive framework.

A further advantage of the framework is its extensibility. While the current version focuses on antennas operating below 6 GHz, it is expected that future versions will include extensions for higher frequency bands and additional attributes such as energy consumption, carbon footprint and circularity. These sustainability metrics will become increasingly important as networks aim to reduce their environmental impact while delivering ever-higher performance.

The importance of this work becomes clear in the context of multi-vendor and disaggregated networks, where interoperability depends not only on open interfaces but also on consistent component descriptions. A shared vocabulary for base station antennas enables smoother integration, better lifecycle management and more effective use of network resources. It also reduces vendor lock-in and improves supply chain flexibility, which is especially valuable for operators pursuing Open RAN strategies.

As antenna systems continue to evolve, the ability to describe their behaviour and capabilities with precision will be vital. NGMN’s BASTA recommendations offer a practical and forward-looking solution, supporting both current deployment models and the transition toward future architectures such as 6G. By promoting transparency, repeatability and interoperability, this common language for antennas strengthens the foundation of mobile network infrastructure and contributes to a more efficient, open and sustainable ecosystem.

Related Posts: 

• Free 6G Training: NGMN Whitepaper on '6G Requirements and Design Considerations'
• Free 6G Training: The Rise of 'giga MIMO' or 'gigantic MIMO' (gMIMO)
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: FDD Tri-Band Massive MIMO: Unlocking Sub-3 GHz Potential for 5G Evolution
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Ericsson's Massive MIMO Handbook(s)
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: ZTE Shows-off New 5G Products and Solutions at MWC 2022
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Nokia back in 5G Game and Vying for Open RAN & 6G Success 

Transforming Poles into 5G Sites with Alpha Fusion Streetworks Solutions

During a recent visit to Glasgow for the SCONDA project showcase, a collaborative initiative focused on advancing urban connectivity, I was struck by how far street-level network infrastructure has come in combining functionality with aesthetics. Among the most visually discreet and technically advanced deployments were those featuring Alpha Wireless' wraparound antennas. The AW4032 antenna stood out for its innovative design, enabling mid-pole mounting in a configuration that blended effortlessly with the urban environment while delivering high-performance 5G coverage. 

Live tests on attendees’ devices showed 5G download speeds reaching up to 720 Mbps, with improved coverage and congestion relief across city-centre locations. One attendee reported that the deployment achieved average 5G download speeds of 520 Mbps, while also reducing low-speed hours by 89% and reaching peaks of over 1 Gbps on small cells in a live dense environment.

It was good to see the SCONDA Project live in action in Glasgow. Impressive stats and speeds. Details of the project here: https://t.co/ftocJrBF5t

Latest PR here: https://t.co/sGwV5pP2JU#3G4G5G #Glasgow850 #4G #5G #VodafoneThree #OpenRAN #SmallCells pic.twitter.com/JOGQsxeYvu

— Zahid Ghadialy (@zahidtg) June 24, 2025

Alpha Wireless has developed its Fusion Streetworks solutions with a clear understanding of the challenges faced by operators in urban areas. As network densification accelerates, especially with the move towards 5G standalone architectures, securing new street-level sites is proving increasingly difficult. The Fusion Streetworks platform responds to this by making better use of existing infrastructure such as lamp posts and streetlights. The AW4032 antenna, which forms the centrepiece of this platform, is designed to mount mid-pole without requiring sidearms or external hardware that would increase wind loading or visual impact. As it is an antenna-only product, the AW4032 pairs with external small cell radios, offering operators flexibility in radio selection.

The AW4032 combines compact form with support for advanced radio capabilities. It supports 16 ports across dual bands — 1695 to 2690 MHz and 3300 to 4200 MHz — and enables 4x4 MIMO, delivering strong signal quality and throughput. When ports in adjacent sectors are connected, the antenna produces a pseudo-omnidirectional pattern, providing seamless 360-degree coverage suitable for dense urban environments, hotspots and high-traffic venues. It is also highly adaptable. Operators can configure the ports to suit different patterns: back-to-back for focused directional coverage, or four-way for broader area coverage, all using the same hardware.

This modularity means the same unit can serve single or dual-operator deployments, with each operator connecting to a separate set of ports. This enables shared infrastructure without interference and lowers total cost of ownership. For instance, the dual-operator setup divides the 16 ports between two MNOs while still offering pseudo-omni performance, which is particularly useful in areas where zoning permissions limit the number of separate installations.

What makes the solution especially effective in public spaces is the attention to detail in concealment. The Fusion platform includes options for radio shrouds and integrated cabling management to maintain a neat appearance. This has been instrumental in speeding up approvals in areas traditionally sensitive to new telecoms infrastructure.

Alpha Wireless has already seen its Fusion Streetworks solutions rolled out as part of a 5G standalone deployment in central Birmingham. Working with Ontix and Virgin Media O2, these antennas have been deployed on existing poles in busy city locations, demonstrating how legacy infrastructure can be revitalised to meet the demands of next-generation connectivity.

From an infrastructure perspective, the AW4032 exemplifies how antenna technology is evolving to match the operational and regulatory pressures of modern small cell deployment. It simplifies rollout, minimises street clutter, and offers a level of future readiness that is essential for long-term network planning. For cities looking to accelerate their 5G ambitions without compromising on design, Alpha Wireless’ Fusion Streetworks platform offers a proven and practical approach.

Viettel’s Growing Influence in 5G, Private Networks and Open RAN

Back in 2020, we wrote about Viettel's ambition to launch 5G using homegrown technology. Fast forward to 2025 and the Vietnamese operator has significantly advanced those ambitions. At MWC 2025, Viettel showcased its latest Private 5G Network solutions, and has since taken major steps in deploying commercial Open RAN networks, developing international partnerships, and building its own end-to-end 5G ecosystem.

Viettel’s commercial Open RAN 5G network is now live in Vietnam, marking a major milestone in the operator’s journey from national champion to global contender. Powered by Qualcomm’s X100 platform for distributed units and QRU100 for Massive MIMO radio units, the network delivers high capacity and energy efficiency across multiple provinces. Viettel is using inline accelerators to offload baseband processing, lowering cost and power usage while enhancing performance. These O-RAN-compliant radio units support 32T32R Massive MIMO and form part of Viettel’s strategy to provide public and private 5G services with full network automation and orchestration capabilities.

This deployment is not just a local success story. Over 300 sites were deployed in the first quarter of 2025, with thousands more planned both within Vietnam and internationally. The scale of the effort makes Viettel one of the largest carriers to launch a commercial Open RAN network. In addition to the network infrastructure, Viettel High Tech (VHT), the group’s R&D and equipment manufacturing arm, has contributed a substantial portion of the RAN software, positioning itself as a serious technology supplier in its own right.

The software stack developed by Viettel replaces what operators would traditionally source from vendors like Ericsson or Nokia. Viettel High Tech's in-house team is responsible for critical software components that run on central and distributed units, while Qualcomm supplies the Layer 1 functions on dedicated inline accelerator cards. These accelerators bypass the need for general-purpose CPUs in handling time-sensitive RAN tasks, offering improved performance without compromising on the virtualisation or cloud-native aspects of the deployment. Qualcomm’s Layer 1 is containerised and compatible with cloud platforms from AWS and Red Hat, underlining its open architecture credentials.

Viettel’s use of inline accelerators on this scale is unprecedented. Each site includes an X100 card, making it one of the largest global deployments of this architecture. Outside Vietnam, most virtual RAN deployments rely on Intel’s lookaside model, where the CPU handles much of the processing. Viettel’s decision to go with inline accelerators marks a departure from this norm and showcases a different approach to RAN virtualisation.

The partnership between Viettel and Qualcomm is also expanding beyond Vietnam’s borders. At MWC Barcelona 2025, Viettel High Tech signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Emirates Integrated Telecommunications (du) and its partner High Cloud Technologies. This agreement covers testing and future deployment of both 5G Open RAN and Private Network solutions in the UAE. The initial focus is on evaluating these technologies on du’s network, with potential applications in smart cities, industrial IoT and immersive technologies like AR and VR. This represents the first time Vietnamese-developed 5G equipment is being tested for commercial use outside the country.

The collaboration aligns with the UAE’s digital infrastructure strategy and could open the door to large-scale commercial deployments in the Middle East. Successful trials with du are a key step in Viettel’s broader plan to become a global supplier of advanced telecom infrastructure. Viettel is already present in markets such as Myanmar, Cambodia and Peru, where the 5G rollout is still in early stages. These regions offer opportunities for Viettel to replicate its success at home and extend its influence.

While Viettel’s 5G rollout includes other major vendors, with Ericsson and Nokia reportedly securing two-thirds of the deployment share, the remaining share, driven by Viettel High Tech and Qualcomm, is significant in scale and innovation. The collaboration showcases an alternative model where operators develop critical network software in-house and pair it with silicon from a specialised vendor.

Qualcomm’s contribution is not limited to the distributed units. The company also provides critical components for radio units, including beamforming and signal processing via its QRU and QTR chips. These are integrated into Viettel’s Massive MIMO units, each equipped with 32 transmitters and receivers, enhancing both coverage and capacity. Although the solution appears vertically integrated, Qualcomm continues to validate its Open RAN credentials through efforts such as interoperability work with NEC under the OREX programme in Japan.

Viettel’s approach demonstrates a vertically integrated yet standards-compliant model that leverages in-house development, strategic partnerships, and cloud-native design. It is building a scalable and sustainable 5G infrastructure that supports both domestic and international ambitions. As it rolls out thousands more sites and extends its presence into new markets, Viettel is proving that national champions can innovate at a global level.

Vietnam’s investment in indigenous telecom technology and its collaboration with global partners like Qualcomm is reshaping perceptions of where cutting-edge 5G innovation can originate. With continued momentum in Open RAN, Private Networks, and global expansion, Viettel is now firmly established as a telecoms infrastructure player to watch.

FDD Tri-Band Massive MIMO: Unlocking Sub-3 GHz Potential for 5G Evolution

Huawei has begun commercial deployments of its FDD Tri-Band Massive MIMO solution, focusing on sub-3 GHz spectrum across Africa and several other global markets. Countries such as Nigeria, Angola, and Côte d'Ivoire are among the first to benefit, with deployments also expected across Asia Pacific, Central Asia, and Latin America.

This new technology is being positioned to solve two key challenges for mobile operators. First, it tackles the persistent increase in 4G traffic, which continues to grow year on year. Second, it enhances the user experience for 5G services without demanding vast new spectrum allocations. Huawei claims the solution delivers significant performance improvements over the conventional 4T4R setup, including handling almost twice as much 4G traffic during peak times, tripling user-perceived speeds, and halving the use of physical resource blocks.

Underpinning these benefits are innovations like Real Wide Bandwidth and Compact Dipole technologies. These allow multiple FDD bands such as 1.8 GHz, 2.1 GHz, and 2.6 GHz to be processed using a shared filter, antenna array, and power amplifier. This not only enables efficient spectrum use but also simplifies site deployments. Huawei reports that 5G network capacity can be boosted up to sevenfold with uplink coverage extended by 8 dB, both of which are especially important as mobile AI services increase the demand for higher uplink bandwidth and wider coverage.

#Huawei's tri-band FDD Massive MIMO solution is the first of its kind, packed with cutting-edge technologies like GigaBand Beamforming and "0 Bit 0 Watt", which empowers diversified 5.5G experience while minimizing power consumption. 🚀 #MWC24 #5GAdvanced pic.twitter.com/3vD3p8qXmc

— Huawei Wireless (@HuaweiWireless) February 20, 2024

The market conditions in Africa illustrate why this approach is timely. Rapid urbanisation and a large population base have created surging demand for mobile data, leading to congestion and degraded user experience. Many sites already host conventional Massive MIMO technology, but with traffic increasing by 50 percent annually, a more efficient capacity solution is urgently needed.

The broader role of sub-3 GHz FDD spectrum in 5G development is also coming into sharper focus. While early 5G investment emphasised the upper mid-band due to its wide contiguous spectrum, the sub-3 GHz FDD bands now represent a crucial part of the coverage and capacity equation. These bands collectively offer around 100 MHz of paired spectrum and are essential for extending 5G services beyond dense urban centres into suburban and rural areas. Their propagation characteristics provide better in-building penetration and a stronger uplink experience.

Operators have traditionally used these bands to complement mid-band deployments, but case studies suggest they can form the backbone of high-performance networks when optimised correctly. In the Netherlands, for example, delays in mid-band spectrum availability led operators to rely heavily on FDD spectrum. Despite these constraints, they achieved strong data rate and latency performance by tightly integrating 4G and 5G technologies.

One persistent issue is the fragmentation of spectrum across multiple bands, which can complicate radio access network design. Physical site constraints and antenna complexity remain challenges, particularly as physical cell site growth slows. This has led to a push for site simplification through wideband and multiband radio solutions. Many equipment vendors now offer radios that can support three FDD bands within a single unit, often using a shared power amplifier and filter. This not only reduces size and weight but also lowers power consumption and speeds up deployment.

Although Massive MIMO is generally seen as more effective with TDD, Huawei believes its latest advancements in intelligent beamforming and multi-band serving cell configurations can change that narrative. By treating multiple FDD bands as a single carrier and applying advanced beamforming, spectral efficiency can be dramatically improved. According to Huawei, this combination can deliver a tenfold gain in throughput and a 10 dB improvement in coverage compared to standard 4T4R systems.

With the shift toward 5G Advanced on the horizon, operators must get the most out of their existing spectrum assets. Sub-3 GHz FDD spectrum may not be new, but with the right technology, it can provide the performance needed to meet modern data demands and support the next wave of mobile services.

Related Posts: 

• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: China Deploys 5G-A Synaesthesia in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)
• Private Networks Technology Blog: Huawei's Smart 5G Warehouse - Future of Logistics
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Huawei's RuralLink Solution Proposes to 'Connect the Unconnected'
• Free 6G Training: Huawei's Keynote at EuCNC & 6G Summit 2023 on 'On the Convergence Route for 6G'
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Huawei MetaAAU Promises Improvement in 5G Network Performance and Energy Efficiency
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Huawei Explains Antennas and Radomes
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Huawei 5G Lampsite wins awards and speed tests 

Mobile Internet Setup for Vanlife: Infrastructure Insights from The Road Two Spoons

In today’s age of digital nomadism, mobile connectivity isn’t a luxury—it’s a necessity. For vanlifers like Jess and Marcus, better known as The Road Two Spoons, staying online while travelling full-time across Europe and Türkiye requires more than just a mobile hotspot. Their campervan serves as both home and office, meaning a robust and redundant internet setup is essential.

Their upgraded system offers a great case study into the infrastructure behind reliable van-based internet. It combines cellular and satellite connectivity with intelligent routing and efficient power use—demonstrating how mobile networking hardware can be optimised for life on the road.

The Core: A Multi-Path Internet Router

At the heart of the setup is the Teltonika RUTX50, a compact yet powerful 3G/4G/5G modem-router that supports multiple WAN inputs and advanced network management. Key features include:

• Dual SIM support for redundancy (though only one slot is currently in use)
• Auto-switching and load balancing capabilities
• A low power draw suitable for off-grid living
• 12V operation with physical on/off switching
• Multiple antenna ports: 4 x SMA for 5G, 2 x ReSMA for Wi-Fi, and 1 x SMA for GPS
• 5 x Gigabit Ethernet ports for flexible wired connections

The router integrates seamlessly with both a 5G antenna and a Starlink dish, offering connectivity even in the most remote regions.

Cellular Connectivity: Poynting Antenna Integration

For cellular signal reception, the van uses a Poynting MIMO-4-4 5G antenna. This external, roof-mounted unit connects directly to the RUTX50 to ensure strong signal acquisition, especially in fringe coverage areas.

This antenna enhances the performance of their ConnectPls Europe unlimited data SIM, providing primary connectivity when Starlink is unavailable or switched off. The setup allows automatic failover between cellular and satellite internet sources, keeping downtime to a minimum.

Satellite Support: Starlink Gen3 + Starvmount

Mounted securely on the van roof is a Starlink Gen3 (V4) dish, using the Starvmount DishyMultiMount. This combination ensures:

• Flat, in-motion satellite connectivity via Starlink Roam
• Fixed mounting at an optimal 8° angle, aiding both signal quality and weather resilience
• Improved mechanical security over Starlink’s original mobility mount

Thanks to Starlink’s global coverage and low-Earth orbit satellite constellation, the couple can achieve 200+ Mbps speeds in locations where even sending a text would otherwise be impossible.

Power Considerations: 12V Starlink Conversion

To avoid reliance on inverters and 230V AC power, the Starlink system runs directly off the van’s 12V power system using a Starvmount Dishy NoAC DC power supply. This device:

• Accepts a wide input voltage (9–36V), suitable for 12V or 24V installations
• Offers plug-and-play integration between the Starlink dish and the RUTX50
• Eliminates the need for Starlink’s original AC-powered router
• Emits a minor static noise under load, so is ideally installed in a cupboard or enclosed space

A dedicated 12V switch allows the system to be powered down when not in use, contributing to overall energy efficiency.

Cabling and Waterproofing: Roof-Grade Sealing

Cables for both Starlink and the Poynting antenna are routed through the van’s roof using Scanstrut DS-H-MULTI-BLK cable seals. These seals are:

• IP68-rated for waterproofing
• UV-stable to withstand prolonged sun exposure
• Trusted for roof penetrations in marine and automotive applications

This careful attention to weatherproofing ensures long-term reliability of the system, even in extreme environments.

One Wi-Fi Access Point, Seamless Switching

Because both Starlink and cellular data feed into the same RUTX50 router, the van operates a single internal Wi-Fi access point. The router automatically prioritises the Starlink connection when available, and falls back to the SIM card with minimal delay when Starlink is powered off.

This means no manual reconfiguration is required, simplifying the digital experience onboard and allowing Jess and Marcus to focus on their work, travel, and content creation.

Final Thoughts: Engineering Freedom on Four Wheels

What makes this campervan internet setup impressive is not just the performance, but the thoughtful integration of multiple technologies: 5G, satellite broadband, power management, and rugged installation. By combining a modular approach with careful hardware selection, The Road Two Spoons have created a high-reliability infrastructure that could easily be adapted to off-grid cabins, remote workstations, or mobile command vehicles.

As connectivity becomes more critical in all forms of modern living, this vanlife case study offers valuable insights into how telecom infrastructure can be effectively deployed outside traditional settings—bringing reliable broadband to wherever the road leads.

Watch the Setup in Action 🎥

Here’s a short video from The Road Two Spoons walking through their full campervan internet setup—from antennas to modems and Starlink on 12V:

Related Posts

• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog - Decoding Starlink: The Technology Behind the Revolution
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Panorama's ESN Antennas
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Taoglas Advanced Antennas and RF Components
• Connectivity Technology Blog: KDDI Prepares for Disasters with Vehicle-Mounted Base Stations Backhauled via Starlink
• Connectivity Technology Blog: Kai Müller on Connecting the Unreachable with Starlink
• Connectivity Technology Blog: Verizon uses Satellite Connectivity to Restore Services after Hurricane 

How Samsung is Leveraging vRAN to Match Traditional RAN (T-RAN) Performance

As mobile networks evolve, virtualized RAN (vRAN) and Open RAN architectures are gaining traction. Even operators who were initially sceptical are increasingly exploring and deploying these innovative solutions to meet the growing demands for flexibility, efficiency, and sustainability. Samsung, among other key players, has been at the forefront of large-scale vRAN and Open RAN rollouts across North America, Europe, and Asia.

The adoption of O-RAN-compliant, Open vRAN architectures has demonstrated the potential to deliver performance on par with—or even superior to—traditional RAN systems. While trials and commercial deployments have validated their capabilities, scaling these solutions introduces challenges, such as integration complexities, security concerns, and organizational disruptions. To address these hurdles, operators and vendors alike are focusing on building robust ecosystems, fostering collaboration, and driving continuous innovation.

As adoption expands, operators are reaping an array of benefits from vRAN and Open RAN architectures:

• Faster site activations: Accelerated deployment timelines facilitate quicker service rollouts.
• Enhanced resource utilization: Flexible resource sharing improves overall network efficiency.
• Energy savings: AI-driven solutions enable dynamic power management, reducing energy consumption.
• Operational agility: Advanced monitoring and adaptive systems boost performance and responsiveness.

Last week, @Vodafone and Samsung successfully demonstrated their first 5G Open RAN call in Romania at Vodafone's Innovation Hub at @upb1818 #etti. The companies achieved excellent performance with 5G #OpenRAN powered by Samsung's #ORAN-compliant #vRAN 3.0 solution. #togetherwecan pic.twitter.com/15moYfj0gP

— Samsung Networks (@SamsungNetworks) June 4, 2024

Vendors and partners are tackling the complexities of scaling vRAN and Open RAN through collaborative efforts, with Samsung introducing several solutions to improve performance and address integration challenges:

• Containerized Virtual Cell Site Router (vCSR): The integration of vCSR within the virtual Distributed Unit (vDU) minimizes hardware requirements by utilizing server processing power more efficiently.
• Energy-saving features: AI-powered tools like Samsung’s Energy Saving Manager (ESM) enable traffic-aware adjustments, such as dynamic power amplifier (DPA) levels, sleep modes for radio units, and CPU power optimization, demonstrating significant energy reductions in large-scale deployments.
• AI/ML-powered automation: Comprehensive platforms, such as Samsung’s CognitiV Network Operations Suite (NOS), incorporate advanced analytics and automation, enhancing network optimization, troubleshooting, and reducing total cost of ownership (TCO).

The transition to Open vRAN is not just a technological evolution but a paradigm shift in network architecture. These systems prioritize flexibility and programmability, empowering operators to achieve business objectives that extend beyond cost savings, including faster service rollouts, better customer experiences, and improved energy efficiency.

While Samsung’s contributions in this domain are notable, the larger industry trend toward open and virtualized networks reflects a collective push to shape the future of mobile connectivity. Collaboration across the ecosystem is essential to address challenges and unlock the full potential of these transformative technologies.

Embedded below are some nice explainers and presentations on Open vRAN from Samsung:

As the industry continues to evolve, vRAN and Open RAN are set to play a pivotal role in driving the next wave of 5G innovation and growth.

Related Posts: 

• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Testing Vodafone UK's Open RAN Deployment Performance
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Seoul Metro Wi-Fi Backhauled by Samsung's 5G mmWave Network Solution
• Free 6G Training: Samsung Researchers on Compute Platform Considerations for 6G vRAN
• Free 6G Training: Samsung talks about 6G Progress and Demos
• The 3G4G Blog: Open RAN Terminology and Players
• The 3G4G Blog: A quick tutorial on Open RAN, vRAN & White Box RAN
• 3G4G: Open RAN, OpenRAN and O-RAN 

Deutsche Telekom's Hydrogen-Powered Mini-Masts

Earlier in the year we wrote about Deutsche Telekom's Mini-Mast a.k.a. “Cell Tower To Go”.  Last year, DT set a new benchmark in sustainable technology with the deployment of hydrogen-powered antennas at the Nibirii Festival in Germany. This initiative replaced the traditional diesel generators with hydrogen fuel cells to provide eco-friendly energy for mobile base stations. The hydrogen is sourced in a CO₂-neutral process, marking a significant step towards green innovation.

For anyone who doesn't understand what hydrogen fuel cell is, this video has a good explanation.

At the festival, a hydrogen-powered mast supported 30,000 attendees with seamless LTE and 5G connectivity. The fuel cells, developed by SFC Energy, ensured reliable, uninterrupted service for 28 days, showcasing their potential for large events, emergencies, and remote areas. This shift underscores Deutsche Telekom's commitment to combining sustainability with technological advancements.

Additionally, compact mobile masts and stage-mounted small cells enhanced coverage and user experience. These innovations promise to redefine mobile connectivity, emphasizing rapid deployment and reduced environmental impact.

You can read the full story here.

Related Posts: 

• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Deutsche Telekom's Mini-Mast a.k.a. “Cell Tower To Go”
• Connectivity Technology Blog: Deutsche Telekom Demonstrates 12 Gbps on 5G Using 6 GHz Band
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Deutsche Telekom 5G Small Cells in Phone Boxes
• Private Networks Technology Blog: Deutsche Telekom Deploys 5G Campus Network in Port of Duisburg
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Omniflow Smart Street Lighting for 5G and IoT
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: Deutsche Telekom Launches Indoor Booster 5G Repeater
• Telecoms Infrastructure Blog: FC Bayern and Deutsche Telekom bring 5G to the Allianz Arena in Munich, Germany
• Operator Watch Blog: Deutsche Telekom's 'Tech Grounds' 2021
• Connectivity Technology Blog: Deutsche Bahn to get Seamless Mobile Network Along all Tracks
• Connectivity Technology Blog: 4G/5G Campus Networks and their Challenges 

High-Speed FWA Using mmWave With the Help of Li-Fi

On a regular basis I keep reading about how Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) continues to gain ground at the expense of cable operators, especially in the USA (see articles by Ookla, OpenSignal). One of the challenges with FWA is the need to (generally) install external antennas, especially when higher frequencies like mmWaves is involved.

One of the approach would be to use transparent antennas that I have explained here. This would be difficult for residential consumers. The other approach, championed by pureLiFi is to use Light Based Communications to let the signal pass from outside to inside. Both these approaches were my wow moments at MWC 2024.

One of the interesting and impressive demos at #MWC24 was from pureLiFi (@purelifi) and Solace (@SolacePower) to send the signal from outdoors to indoors, powered through glass. This is a much simpler solution compared to transparent antennas in glasses but needs investigation. pic.twitter.com/CTG6F7Hz2q

— Zahid Ghadialy (@zahidtg) February 28, 2024

TelecomTV has a nice write-up on the pureLiFi/Solace solution from the conference here. Quoting from that:

This week, pureLiFi announced the LINXC Bridge, a self-installable double limpet that attaches itself to both sides of a window (see picture, above). 

“The idea is to help the signal get through glass,” explained pureLiFi CEO, Alistair Banham. The device transmits an optical version of the incoming radio signal through the glass window so the data can then be distributed to a router or other device once inside the room.

According to Banham, “getting outside signals in” has become ever more difficult as radio technologies have climbed the frequency range and adopted complex encodings, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), while the materials used to construct buildings have become less  permeable to radio signals. This is a looming problem, he says, because telcos will increasingly rely on millimetre wave (mmWave) fixed 5G radio links to extend broadband services, especially to those hard-to-reach homes and businesses in remote locations, and mmWave doesn’t like walls or windows.

The pureLiFi LINXC Bridge, developed in partnership with Canadian company Solace Power, is designed to overcome some of those problems. “A top priority is the avoidance of truck roll, so a key attraction for our telco customers is the system’s ease of installation – there’s no requirement to for an outside antenna or hole-boring through the side of the customer’s building, as the LINXC is designed to be self-installed, which eliminates installation costs and shortens the time to market for telco-delivered wireless broadband,” said Banham.

But the real Li-Fi breakthrough came about halfway through 2023 when the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) took the wraps off 802.11bb, the optical variant of the Wi-Fi standard and, as a result, Li-Fi and Wi-Fi should be able to interwork within a customer’s premises. 

“Last year,” Banham explained, “we developed the light antenna so a Wi-Fi network can see it as just another antenna, so now we have full interoperability and that means we can demonstrate a complete ecosystem so that customers can see, touch, feel and understand its benefits.”

Perhaps the biggest benefit, and most attractive niche for Li-Fi, is within so-called radio sensitive environments which, thanks to the interoperability with Wi-Fi,  will enable it to selectively reach and connect things like critical medical equipment, for instance (a large and growing application area).

The new mmWave bridge product isn’t pureLiFi’s only offering –  there’s SkyLite, a “whole-room Li-Fi access point” and the Cube, described as a simple, secure working from home, gaming, streaming and on-the-move connectivity device.  

Banham says the ambition doesn’t stop there, as the company has plans to have Li-Fi “augment and extend other wireless and wireless technologies, ushering in a new era of bandwidth, speed and reliable communications."

The press release from Solace Power also includes the video of the solution and is available here.

Related Posts: 

• Free 6G Training: 6G News and Announcements from MWC 2024
• Connectivity Technology Blog: Li-Fi and Other Visible Light Communications (VLC) Standards
• The 3G4G Blog: A Different Approach for Mobile Network Densification
• Connectivity Technology Blog: Rethinking LiFi for Low-Power and Long Range RF Backscatter
• Connectivity Technology Blog: Is Li-Fi Gaining Momentum as an Alternative Beyond 5G?
• Connectivity Technology Blog: Is LiFi (Light-Fidelity) Ready for Beyond-5G?
• The 3G4G Blog: LiFi can be a valuable tool for densification
• The 3G4G Blog - TED talk: Wireless data from every light bulb